Using Commas, Semicolons, and Colons Within Sentences
The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation
Using Commas, Semicolons, and Colons Within Sentences
Punctuation within sentences can be tricky; however, if you know just a few of the following rules, you will be well on your way to becoming a polished writer and proofreader.
Rule: Use a comma between two long independent clauses when conjunctions such as and, or, but, for, nor connect them.
Example: I have painted the entire house, but she is still working on sanding the floors.
Rule: If the clauses are both short, you may omit the comma.
Example: I painted and he sanded.
Rule: If you have only one clause (one subject and verb pair), you won’t usually need a comma in front of the conjunction.
Example: I have painted the house but still need to sand the floors.
This sentence has two verbs but only one subject, so it has only one clause.
Rule: Use the semicolon if you have two independent clauses connected without a conjunction.
Example: I have painted the house; I still need to sand the floors.
Rule: Also use the semicolon when you already have commas within a sentence for smaller separations, and you need the semicolon to show bigger separations.
Example: We had a reunion with family from Salt Lake City, Utah; Los Angeles, California; and Albany, New York.
Rule: A colon is used to introduce a second sentence that clarifies the first sentence.
Example: We have set this restriction: do your homework before watching television.
Notice that the first word of the second sentence is not capitalized. Whether to capitalize the first word after a colon depends on the stylebook or style guidelines you are following. If you have multiple sentences following the sentence with the colon and you bullet or otherwise itemize them, capitalization and punctuation are optional. For example, if each bullet or numbered point is a complete sentence, you might capitalize the first word and end each sentence with proper ending punctuation. The rule of thumb is to be consistent.
Rule: Use a colon to introduce a list when no introductory words like namely, for instance, i.e., e.g. precede the list.
Example: I need four paint colors: blue, gray, green, and red.
If the article or the existing discussions do not address a thought or question you have on the subject, please use the "Comment" box at the bottom of this page.
Is there a “golden rule” for spacing AFTER a period and before the next sentence? I’ve been arguing with someone for quite some time that it is one — NOT 2 — spaces after each period. Please help us settle our quarrel!
Our Rule 1 of Spacing with Punctuation states, “With a computer, use only one space following periods, commas, semicolons, colons, exclamation points, question marks, and quotation marks. The space needed after these punctuation marks is proportioned automatically.”
Originally, typewriters had monospaced fonts (skinny letters and fat letters took up the same amount of space), so two spaces after ending punctuation marks such as the period were used to make the text more legible. However, most computer fonts present no difficulty with proportion or legibility, so use just one space after a period, colon, question mark, or exclamation point at the end of a sentence.
the story of spaces at the end of sentences may be more complicated than the traditional lore because in the years of professional printing before the typewriter, typesetters tended to use wide spaces at the end of sentences whether their fonts were monospaced or proportional. Yet, it is true that during the era of the typewriter, two spaces ruled, and once computers became the dominant tool for typing, one space became the standard.
Can’t believe I’ve never heard the one space rule? I recenlty completed another degree, which required writing many papers and always used the 2 spaces. Not once did I get called out on it.
I am 35 and I have always used 2 spaces after a period. I didn’t even realize it was a thing (outside APA format papers) to only do one space. It is going to be a real hard habit to break. It’s just what my fingers do.
You may find that it’s easier to break this habit than you think.
That is how it was explained to me. It originated with typesetters during the manual printing press days. It carried over to non-proportional type in early typewriters for the same reason you gave. Nowadays, with proportional true type fonts, it is no longer necessary and has become an anachronism. Single space after a period is now the accepted practice.
Being a dinosaur that I am…the rule I was taught was two spaces after a period. When I made the switch from typewriting to word processing I noticed one problem with using two spaces after a period. When you “justify” the margins on sentences that use two spaces, then more spaces would be added in automatically (by the software program) if I did not switch to one space after the period. As long as I was not justifying margins I could continue to use two spaces. Just an observation from a writer with thirty years of following the rules.
Standard practice for spacing after a sentence is two spaces but most students today use only one. It is frustrating because the text flows better with two spaces as it makes the reader pause slightly before the next sentence when there is a clearer break. Grammar in general often goes through trends like fashion and can be different based on cultures and regions. However, this is a fairly new stylistic trend and is most likely one born from laziness and new technology which are factors related to many changes in the way we do things! I guess this 51-year-old educator has to buck up and deal!
Please see our post Rules Do Change.
I have ordered your book. Thank goodness for you! You make the arcane clear, and have lifted the fog that impeded my way in Grammarland. Thank you
Will it be wrong if we used a semicolon after the word win in the third example?
It’s better to use the colon, Ravi.
I notice people using just once space between sentences now, but we were taught that it is correct to use two. Has the rule changed?
Yes, the rule has changed or at least is changing so rapidly that I would suggest using only one space after the ending punctuation mark.
Can you explain to me the orgin of e.g. and how to properly use? Thanks.
e.g. is an abbreviation from the Latin “exempli gratia,” which translates to “for example”
Example: You will need some baking ingredients; e.g., butter and sugar.
Rule: Use a comma between two complete, long clauses (two subject and verb pairs) when conjunctions such as and, or, but, for, nor connect them.
When I studied grammar (punctuation was part of grammar) in the early fifties in Australia, conjunctions (also referred to in Australia as joining words) and which also include “also” and “too” but not “for” had two rules :
1) They could never start a sentence; and
2) They could never have a comma in front of them (whether clauses were long or not).
If one was using a comma to denote a breathing space it always came after the conjunction.
I don’t know whether this is a difference between countries but Australia has traditionally used English as distinct from American English and up until about fifteen or so years ago there was no confusion but I notice this is changing rapidly here now as Australia becomes more and more Americanised. (Yes, “ised” not “ized”). I guess we’ll have to wait and see what develops. I don’t know what is currently being taught in schools.
As for spaces after a full stop (American = period), the printing industry has always used two as a standard. I suspect this is rapidly changing as the use of HTML for web pages only allows a standard one space. A non-breaking space has to be used to insert a second one and I suspect for most coders this is not worth the effort even if they are aware of the printers’ standard.
I only found this site by accident but it is real interesting. Keep up the good work. Viva la difference!
Johno, if in Australia you cannot start a sentence with a conjunction and do not use commas in front of them ever, the rules there are different from American grammar and punctuation rules. “Viva la difference” is a good attitude to have!
Could you clear up whether or not to put a comma in this example after ‘are’?
Research shows that teens are, “more likely to drop out if they do drugs.”
In Australia I wouldn’t put a comma here. It’s not direct speech and flows naturally, without the comma, as a quote.
Jessica, I agree with Marie.
do I have the commas in the correct space? I have two clients, Ed and Pat, whom I have worked with for several years…
Yes. Good job.
I was wondering whether it’s strictly wrong to have a conjunction after a comma in British English. I find that sometimes when sentences are very long it feels natural to have a coma before the word “and”. I am Swedish- can it be that Swedish punctuation rules differ from English ones? As far as I can remember there are occasions when it is correct to use a comam before conjunctions.
In the U.S., it is preferred to use a comma before “and” in a series of three or more. However, in order to save precious space, newspapers do not use this comma. I believe that the preferred method in British English is to leave out the comma but I don’t believe it is considered wrong to put the comma in.
I had a question regarding the issue of one or two spaces following a colon that is followed by an independent clause. When you say that if the colon is followed by merely one complete sentence, that second clause should not be capitalized, but if it is followed by two or more, that same clause should be capitalized, do you mean “two or more” sentences in the same paragraph? Or two or more sentences that are closely related to the idea followed by the colon? Because I imagine most sentences are followed by another sentence, so I wasn’t quite sure what you meant there. It seems to be a sticky issue and most people don’t offer up a rule at all, so I’d really like to know what you think!
I think you have two questions here:
1. Use only one space following a colon no matter what.
2. You’re right that I should have written, “If the sentence ending with a colon is followed by two or more closely related sentences, the first word of the sentence following the colon should be capitalized.”
Is that better?
We would prefer to see specific examples in order to respond.
Could you tell me if you would put a comma before and in the following sentence.
Mary made a grocery list to buy the following ingredients: milk, butter, sugar and bread.
Yes.
I am afraid that I am overusing commas. I feel like I am using them too much in the beginning of sentences. Here are the sentences I have questions with:
1. As a graduate of Wilkes University, I obtained my Bachelor of Arts Degree in Psychology and Elementary Education in May 2004. (do I need that comma in the beginning?)
2.. Prior to this employment, I completed two long-term teaching positions in the Dallas School District, both in a Kindergarten and Fifth grade classroom. (Do I need the comma after employment and after District?)
3. As a secondary learning support teacher, I have strengthened my skills in classroom management, particularly discipline procedures, and developed a strong understanding of the appropriate strategies needed to teach students of various skill levels. (Do I need the comma after teacher?)
4.As a co-teacher, I am responsible for learning the material in various content areas, without prior knowledge of the curriculum. (Do I need the comma after co-teacher?)
5. During my junior and senior year of college I spent time caring for a six year old boy with Down’s Syndrome. (Do I need a comma after college?)
6. In order to engage all students, I incorporate accommodations into lessons and activities, maintain effective communication with special and regular education staff, and ensure that IEP goals are properly met. (need the comma after students?)
7.With my qualifications and experiences in both special and regular education settings, I have developed into a more resourceful and confident educator. (need the comma after settings?)
8. It is with great anticipation that I am applying for a teaching position, on the elementary level, in your district. (do I need all of these commas here?)
Thanks so much for any feedback you may have. I have been over analyzing this for days!
Megan, having seen Downes Syndrome, I decided to check the correct form and discovered Down Syndrome though open to correction, I believe the US doesn’t capitalise ‘syndrome’.
Although, the Chicago Manual of Style recommends writing Down syndrome, they add “The possessive forms Alzheimer’s, Down’s, Hodgkin’s, and the like, though less common in medical literature, may be preferred in a general context.”
#1 yes
#2 yes; also “fifth-grade classroom”
#3 yes
#4 The comma after “areas” is optional
#5 Place a comma after “college”; also, “six-year-old boy”
#6 yes
#7 yes
#8 Leave out the comma after “level.”
The District in that sentence, is it supposed to start with capital letter?
Yes, “Dallas School District” is a complete proper name.
#8. I disagree. In my opinion, the comma after “level” is needed. However, a better sentence would read: “…an elementary teaching position in your district…”
Also
#2. “in the Dallas School District, both in a Kindergarten and Fifth grade classroom.” Better: “… and a fifth …” Otherwise it sounds like you have a blended K & 5 classroom, which I cannot fathom.
I am a secondary and post-secondary educator, with eight years of administration experience reading resumes and cover letters for school-based positions.
#4. “As a graduate of Wilkes University, I obtained my Bachelor of Arts Degree in Psychology and Elementary Education…” A single degree titled Psychology and Elementary Education? Or two degrees? Also, a pet peeve of mine: “A Bachelor of Arts” is better than “MY Bachelor of Arts.” That is unless you are responding to the question, “Where did YOU receive YOUR Bachelor …?”
Jane’s April 20, 2009, response focused on Megan’s concern about overuse of commas. Commas aside, sentence 8 could be better written as “… I am applying for an elementary-level teaching position in your district.”
I have a question that has been eating at me forever. Is this considered to be a comma splice or is it an acceptable use of punctuation.
Hello, my name is Bill.
Every fibre of my being is saying that it should be.
Hello. My name is Bill.
Which is correct and are you able to tell me why.
Your being’s fibres/fibers are speaking truth to you. Essentially, “hello” is a complete expression and should be followed by a period in your example.
Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?
A. Elias said, “…but it is going to rain…”
B. Elias said, “but it is going to rain.”
C. Elias said, “…but it is going to rain….”
(Note: the (Should “the” be capitalized? I think it should not be.) original quote reads, “It is sunny today but it is going to rain tomorrow.”)
Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?
A. I do not care if Cornelius is “angrier than an old wet hen”!
B. I do not care if Cornelius is, “angrier than an old wet hen!”
C. I do not care if Cornelius is, “angrier than an old wet hen”!
D. I do not care if Cornelius is “angrier than an old wet hen!”
(Note: the original quote reads, “I am angrier than an old wet hen!”)
#1: I would pick A as the correct answer. If “but” is the first word of the sentence, it should be capitalized.
I don’t understand your question about capitalizing “the” because I don’t see it in the sentence.
#2: I would pick D. Because this is not a direct quote, no comma is needed after “is.” Also, the exclamation point goes inside the quotation mark.
The “the” I inquired about follows each of the colons in the following statements:
(Note: the original quote reads, “It is sunny today but it is going to rain tomorrow.”)
(Note: the original quote reads, “I am angrier than an old wet hen!”)
Should it be written, “Note: The…” or written, “Note: the…”? The successive statement is following “Note,” which is an incomplete sentence. Basically, I wonder if a warning following, say, “Caution,” should begin with an uppercase or a lowercase letter.
P.S. Sorry for the confusion. I was just making the most of my post.
With just one complete sentence (excluding the quote) following a colon, it is up to the writer whether to capitalize the first word of the new sentence following the colon.
Note: the original quote reads, “It is sunny today…”
I hope I understood your question this time and answered it clearly.
You understood correctly!
If you do not mind, please clarify something that has confused me for the longest:
If I wanted to rewrite, “I did not attend the party, for I was not invited,” in a different way, which of the following would be the correct/best way to do so:
A. I did not attend the party. I was not invited.
B. I did not attend the party; I was not invited.
C. I did not attend the party: I was not invited.
A and B are both equally correct choices. C is also correct since you mean “for.” When the second sentence explains something about the first sentence, you may separate the two sentences with a colon.
I have a simple question: how many semicolons and/or colons can you have in a single sentence?
There is no limit to the number of semicolons or colons you can have in a single sentence. However, I would recommend using only one of each and then starting a new sentence.
Note that my last sentence could have been written as follows: There is no limit to the number of semicolons or colons you can have in a single sentence; however, I would recommend using only one of each and then starting a new sentence.
A friend is creating a website and I’m helping edit it.
In the following heading, I say use commas and he believes semi-colons are correct.
What do you say?
Message from the Mayor; Community Groups; City Library and
City Railroad Heritage Society:
We advise commas.
Thanks for your response.
Here is the heading and the lead paragraph. I have replaced the city name for the sake of privacy.
Message from the Mayor;
Community Groups;
MacTier Library and
MacTier Railroad Heritage Society:
It is with great pride that we welcome all who come to visit our town and its website. Please relax and enjoy the site while you are here. We look forward to seeing you whenever you visit us in 2010/2011 and beyond.
Since this message appears to be issued jointly, I would write it this way:
Message from the Mayor, Community Groups, MacTier Library, and MacTier Railroad Heritage Society:
OR
Message from the Mayor
Community Groups
MacTier Library
MacTier Railroad Heritage Society:
(Also, I recommend “2010-2011” rather than “2010/1011.”)
It’s one message. The assumption is it’s from all of the people mentioned in the heading.
Please clarify if the following examples are written and punctuated correctly:
1. I have to take an early flight to Tokyo, for rough weather is forecasted for tomorrow,” she cried, while packing her suitcase hurriedly.
2. You should bring canned goods, such as vegetables, soup, and pasta.
3. We cannot make it to the start of the movie, even if we take the shorter route.
4. Can you help me move this couch, please?
They are all correct in terms of grammar and punctuation. However, I would change #3: We cannot arrive before the start of the movie…
In the second sentence,will there be a colon or semi colon after such as?
No.
Would you say that any of those commas are optional? I ask because I have trouble with the no-comma-before-the-weak-clause rule.
Which commas?
For example, is the comma before “such” necessary (You should bring canned goods, such as vegetables, soup, and pasta.)?
Likewise, is the comma before “please” necessary (Can you help me move this couch, please?)?
I presume each of these commas are used to show a break in the flow of each sentence, but I am asking you for reassurance.
Place a comma before “such as” because it begins examples.
Place a comma before “please” because it is considered an interrupter.
I am confused by something found on your website. Specifically, I am confused by Semicolon’s Rule 1 and Colon’s Rule 4. For reference, I copied and pasted the rulings below:
Rule 1.
Use a semicolon in place of a period to separate two sentences where the conjunction has been left out.
Examples: Call me tomorrow; I will give you my answer then.
Rule 4.
Use a colon instead of a semicolon between two sentences when the second sentence explains or illustrates the first sentence and no coordinating conjunction is being used to connect the sentences. If only one sentence follows the colon, do not capitalize the first word of the new sentence. If two or more sentences follow the colon, capitalize the first word of each sentence following.
Now, should not the example under Rule 1 be written as, “Call me tomorrow: I will give you my answer then”? To me, it looks as if the second half of the sentence is explaining/illustrating the first part.
Good question! In my opinion, the second sentence does not explain or illustrate the first sentence. “Call me tomorrow; I will give you my answer then.” In the following sentence, a colon would be appropriate because the second sentence does explain/refer to the first one: “Call me tomorrow: I will have had time to think about your question by then.” There is some room for the writer’s opinion here, of course.
In the following statement, should a comma or semicolon be placed after “pasta”?
You should bring canned goods, such as vegetables, soup, and pasta; and you need to bring your goods before the deadline, which is this Friday.
(I ask because of this ruling found on your website:
Rule 5.
Use the semicolon between two sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction when one or more commas appear in the first sentence.)
A semicolon is correct for the reason you cite.
I do not believe I saw a rule in your online guide explaining that a comma can be used to omit word/words. Here is an example to show you what I mean: Randall is going to his social studies class; Kevin, science; and Adam, math.
This is a legitimate function of the comma, correct?
Where does one put a question mark when one is asking about information contained in a quote, the quote being introduced by a colon? Example:
——————————————
Bob, what’s your opinion of how Churchill began this speech:
I have, myself, full confidence that if all do their duty, if nothing is neglected, and if the best arrangements are made, as they are being made, we shall prove ourselves once again able to defend our Island home, to ride out the storm of war, and to outlive the menace of tyranny, if necessary for years, if necessary alone.
———————————————–
The question mark has to go somewhere, but where?
I would try to reword the sentence to eliminate the question mark.
Bob, I would like your opinion of the beginning of Churchill’s speech:
Jane, I’m having an argument with somebody right now about short independent clauses and commas. You state that it is not required to place a comma between two short independent clauses. The example I used was this sentence, “I like to eat oranges and midgets like to eat donuts.”
Is it, in fact, a “rule” that you don’t have to have a comma there, before and? Where can I find a reference to that rule?
The rule you are referring to is Rule 12 in the Commas section: “Use a comma to separate two strong clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction–and, or, but, for, nor. You can omit the comma if the clauses are both short.”
Likewise, the Chicago Manual of Style says, “When independent clauses are joined by and, but, or, so, yet, or any other conjunction, a comma usually precedes the conjunction. If the clauses are very short and closely connected, the comma may be omitted unless the clauses are part of a series.” (6.28)
A- I’m sleeping in bed right now. I’m not working.
B- I’m sleeping in bed right now, I’m not working.
C- I’m sleeping in bed right now; I’m not working. (Here, I think that the second sentence does not illustrate the first one, it just confirm it.) Is it correct?
Which is correct here? And is the meaning of the sentence is right: to say I’m sleeping!
Both A and C are grammatically correct. We say grammatically correct because if you were really sleeping you wouldn’t be able to be writing at the same time! According to Rule 1 for semicolons, use a semicolon to separate two sentences where the conjunction has been left out. Rule 4 for colons says that if the second sentence explains or illustrates the first sentence, then a colon is used. Quite often it is the writer’s opinion that will determine which of the two is used.
Is it correct or incorrect to punctuate with a comma after the date in the following sentence: I asked her what dental trauma she believes occurred in the June 14, 2010, motor vehicle accident. In this sentence would the date be descriptive of the motor vehicle accident? Would motor and vehicle be adjectives to accident?
According to Rule 5a, “Use a comma to separate the day of the month from the year and after the year.” The word motor is an adjective that describes the word vehicle and together they are both adjectives that modify the word accident.
I’m not sure if this sentence is correct
”In a television advertisement for the popular Slovak beer Zlaty Bazant, a grinning man with a paunch stands on a sunny beach, nodding his head as the narrator says, “To want to borrow from everyone, that is Greek.”
Are the commas on their place?
Thank you
Yes, your sentence is correct.
Is this sentence ok? I really struggle with grammar. I think this sentence is all over the place. Also im not sure if it is correct to use a colon and a semi-colon in the same sentence. please help.
Thank you.
However there are four ethical principles: autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice; these principles enable nurses to analyse care by circumstance, and aid the rationale of their actions.
It is acceptable to use a colon and a semicolon in the same sentence. Grammatically, your sentence is fine. Simply add a comma after However and, unless you are British, spell analyse as analyze.
Thank you for your help! As a grandmother, I now know more than I want to know about punctuation! Anything to help the kids. Do you have a section how to write an essay? I, we, truly appreciate your help. Jennifer
We do not have a section on writing essays specifically, however, we do have one titled “Effective Writing.” You may find the information there to be helpful.
Do you need a comma before “if necessary” at the end of a sentence?
There is no specific rule about this. The author can use judgment as to how much of a pause occurs before “if necessary.” For example, we were able to find these two sentences in The Chicago Manual of Style:
“Convert files for use in the editing software required by the publisher, if necessary.”
“Some editors make daily backups and weekly sequential backups—so that an earlier stage of the editing can be consulted if necessary.”
Is this an appropriate use of a colon?
Ex. Always loving: always loved.
With the exception of business salutations, all of our colon rules apply to complete sentences where what follows the colon explains or illustrates what preceded the colon. Since this is not a complete sentence, it is hard to suggest proper punctuation; however, a comma or semicolon would probably work fine.
What is the correct punctuation when using “including,” followed by a series? Specifically, should there be a colon after the word “including” in the following sentence?
Additional reports are maintained for tracking borrower receivables, including: financial statements (for both borrower and guarantor), rent rolls, budgets, and letter of credit expirations.
A colon before a series takes on a similar function to the word including; therefore, using a colon would be redundant.
Additional reports are maintained for tracking borrower receivables, including financial statements (for both borrower and guarantor), rent rolls, budgets, and letter of credit expirations.
Is this a correct use of a semicolon?
He came from a long line of hard times(;) from childhood extending into his young adult life.
Thank you for Your Help!!!
There is no reason to use a semicolon. A comma should be used to set off words that clarify or are used as a parenthetical element.
He came from a long line of hard times, from childhood extending into his young adult life.
thanks
We’re glad you found this lesson helpful.
It is my understanding that although using a semi-colon and colon in the same sentence may be grammatically correct, it may not be the best option. Could you please help me with the sentences below? I would appreciate any suggestions you may have on how to improve them.
There are many important issues in the field of Education. One among them is teacher accountability. To me this issue does not stand alone; it is inextricably tied to three other issues: teacher education, teacher evaluation and professional development.
There is no rule against using a semicolon and colon in the same sentence. The word education in the first sentence does not need to be capitalized. Also, our Rule 1 of Commas states, “To avoid confusion, use commas to separate words and word groups with a series of three or more.”
There are many important issues in the field of education. One among them is teacher accountability. To me this issue does not stand alone; it is inextricably tied to three other issues: teacher education, teacher evaluation, and professional development.
Is it correct to put the comma between the main clause and the subordinate conjunction as in the sentence below from White Fang of Jack London?
“The pale light of the short sunless day was beginning to fade, when a faint far cry arose on the still air.”
Could the above sentence be rewritten as: “The pale light of the short sunless day was beginning to fade, a faint far cry arose on the still air.”
Thank you in advance
A comma before the subordinate clause is not really necessary (but if Jack London wants a comma there, we’re not going to question him). Regarding your rewritten sentence, our rule 1 of Semicolons says, “Use a semicolon in place of a period to separate two sentences where the conjunction has been left out.” It could also be written as two separate sentences.
“The pale light of the short sunless day was beginning to fade; a faint far cry arose on the still air.” OR
“The pale light of the short sunless day was beginning to fade. A faint far cry arose on the still air.”
Thank you for your wonderful blog!
I have not been able to find an example showing comma usage between two independent clauses when the second clause begins with a weak clause or dependent clause.
In these examples is A or B correct (or neither)?
1A. I began learning how to code, and by the end of the summer, I had created my first website.
1B. I began learning how to code, and, by the end of the summer, I had created my first website.
(The following sentence probably just needs a rewrite, but I’m still interested in the correct use of commas here.)
2A. After creating an account, I began browsing the website, and unimpressed with the variety of the available templates, I decided to build my own theme.
2B. After creating an account, I began browsing the website, and, unimpressed with the variety of the available templates, I decided to build my own theme.
Thank you!
In 1A and B, you could think of the structure of independent clause followed by the dependent clause/independent clause combination as a type of sentence with two independent clauses. In that case you have a choice of separating them with a comma and a conjunction, a semicolon, or separating them into two sentences:
1A. I began learning how to code, and by the end of the summer, I had created my first website. OR
I began learning how to code; by the end of the summer, I had created my first website. OR
I began learning how to code. By the end of the summer, I had created my first website. OR rewrite it as an independent clause followed by an independent clause/dependent clause combination:
I began learning how to code, and I created my first website by the end of the summer. OR
I began learning how to code; I created my first website by the end of the summer.
I began learning how to code. I created my first website by the end of the summer.
Regarding 2A and 2B, our Rule 5 of Semicolons states, “Use the semicolon between two sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction when one or more commas appear in the first sentence.” Therefore, your second example could be written “After creating an account, I began browsing the website; and unimpressed with the variety of the available templates, I decided to build my own theme.” You could also rewrite it as two sentences.
“After creating an account, I began browsing the website. Unimpressed with the variety of the available templates, I decided to build my own theme.”
Using two spaces after a period or colon improves readability. I am stoutly resisting the move towards one space although I fear I will lose against this inexorable tide.
You didn’t resist when you wrote your note.
I did use two spaces. Unfortunately, forms such as yours remove the second space unless is added to the code. I can’t add this code in your form.
Having posted that comment, I can see that my use of code for the non-breaking space in the sentence actually resulted in a space. So now I can use two spaces after the end of a sentence in your form. How delightful!
If you are able to put your hands on an old typing book, you will find that it instructs the student to space twice after the period. Additionally, there should be two spaces after the colon.
If you are using an old typewriter, you may use two spaces after periods and colons as it improves readability.
I have question. In writing a strategy statement, I had to combine many words in one sentence. I am struggling with what to do before the word “allowing.” Should I use a comma, semi-colon or nothing.
The IVM project aligns with the 2013 DSV mission to expand the proven product model allowing the international sales teams to expand Cameron DSV in aggressively growing regions, with a wide range of ball valve products, reduced lead times and more competitively priced products.
We are going to do our best to interpret the intent of your sentence. There should be a comma before the word allowing. Also, many writers, including us, would put a comma after the word times, although some authorities feel it is not mandatory.
The IVM project aligns with the 2013 DSV mission to expand the proven product model, allowing the international sales teams to expand Cameron DSV in aggressively growing regions, with a wide range of ball valve products, reduced lead times, and more competitively priced products.
In the following sentence, should there be commas after the words fathers and bosses, or just after the word bosses…or none at all? Thanks!
The work adults do as mothers and fathers and as low-level workers and high-level bosses shapes women’s and men’s life experiences, and these experiences produce different feelings, consciousness, relationships, skills – ways of being that we call feminine or masculine.
There should be commas after the words fathers and bosses. Also, our Rule 5 of Semicolons says, “Use the semicolon between two sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction when one or more commas appear in the first sentence.” In addition, the word consciousness is not used correctly in your sentence. You would not say “these experiences produce different conscioiusness.” Perhaps you could reword to levels of consciousness. Our Dashes rule says, “Use an em dash sparingly in formal writing.” You could use parentheses instead.
The work adults do as mothers and fathers, and as low-level workers and high-level bosses, shapes women’s and men’s life experiences; and these experiences produce different feelings, levels of consciousness, relationships, skills (ways of being that we call feminine or masculine).
For poetry, could one perhaps use a colon to explain a concept, then use a comma to continue on with the ‘sentence’ (if written in prose, it would not be separated by lines) much in the same way dashes are used?
The punctuation rules that apply to prose do not necessarily apply to poetry. Poets are allowed to use punctuation creatively in their own style. For example, Emily Dickinson used dashes frequently. Some authors do not use any punctuation. It is up to you, the author of the poem, to choose your own punctuation. There are many interesting articles about this topic on the Internet if you search “punctuation in poetry.”
I have a question about using commas in sentences.
Sometimes they need to get other medicine or they may just need to wait and let the medicines work.
In sentences where two independent clauses are joined by connectors such as and, or, but, etc., put a comma at the end of the first clause.
Sometimes they need to get other medicine, or they may just need to wait and let the medicines work.
if i use this sentence:
“Only in this way, can the reader truly start to understand what being a soldier really means: sorrowful sacrifice instead of ardent zest.”
my colon usage is correct right?
The colon is correct but the comma after the word way is unnecessary.
“Only in this way can the reader truly start to understand what being a soldier really means: sorrowful sacrifice instead of ardent zest.”
Is it correct you don’t type out a number, you write it out?
Mary is six years old today.
Not, Mary is 6 years old today.
Thanks.
Spelling out numbers vs. using figures is often a matter of writer’s preference. The editing style for a book may differ from the style for a newspaper or magazine. The key is to be consistent.
In my opinion, punctuation is properly thought of as part of the SENTENCE,NOT as part of the neighboring or last word in a sentence. Punctuation marks should therefore enjoy the SAME status as a word — That is, they should be separated from the previous word or mark by a space, as follows:
Now: “Xxx:”. Proposed : ” XXX : ” .
This makes for much cleaner , clearer and readable copy !
Thank you for your innovative thoughts on punctuation. We’ve posted your opinion to our blog “Using Commas, Semicolons, and Colons within Sentences” (we don’t have a blog on punctuation in general) to see if any of our readers wish to comment on it.
Would you please help me? This is driving me crazy. Which is correct?
“It’s beautiful,” Michael said, as he watched the sunset.
“It’s beautiful,” Michael said as he watched the sunset.
Thank you!
Generally, no comma would be necessary: “It’s beautiful,” Michael said as he watched the sunset.
should I use comma after ‘and’ in the following sentences. …..
I had apple, orange, banana, and grapes.
The American flag has white, blue, and red.
In the current edition of The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation and on the website, we have stated a preference for use of the serial, or Oxford, comma.
Rule 1 -To avoid confusion, use commas to separate words and word groups with a series of three or more.
However, we will be issuing an eleventh edition of The Blue Book in February, where we will loosen up a bit, and allow for omission of the serial comma before and as long as you’re consistent in your writing. We do recommend the addition of the article an before the word apple in your first sentence.
I had an apple, orange, banana, and grapes.
Thanks for all of your tips. Do you use a comma when you are speaking to someone directly, and end the comment with their name? For example, “I love you, John”. Or can you omit the comma, i.e. “Thank you Mom”
You should use a comma to set off the name of a person directly addressed.
I love you, John.
Thank you, Mom.
I have this in my paper: “Being oneself; being an individual, is important even in rough circumstances.”. Is this sentence okay??
We recommend a comma rather than a semicolon after the word oneself.
Being oneself, being an individual, is important even in rough circumstances.
Donna,you still did not follow the comma rule in your comment above;you didn’t need a comma before “and”.
We generally do not correct the errors in the comments our readers submit, especially if the errors are not directly related to the question being asked. If we did, we would need to point out all the errors in your comment.
In our law firm, we often request lists of items from opposing counsel. Specifically, we make these requests in the form of a letter, listing the items needed. My question is if we number the requests and follow each with a semicolon, do I include a comma after “and” before the last request?
Example: 4. blah blah blah; and,
5. ya ya ya.
I appreciate your time and attention to my query.
If each point in a list is a complete sentence, we recommend capitalizing the first word and ending the sentence with appropriate ending punctuation. Capitalization and ending punctuation are optional when listing items as single words or phrases. Otherwise, there are no hard and fast rules, except be consistent. Having said that, placing semicolons at the end of each item seems like an unnecessary complication. Also, when listing items in a sentence, the comma normally comes before the word “and,” not after it. Here are some examples:
We have listed your responsibilities:
…
3. Vacuum the rug. (period, no semicolon, no “and”)
4. Feed the cat.
5. Walk the dog.
3. vacuuming the rug
4. feeding the cat
5. walking the dog
3. vacuuming the rug,
4. feeding the cat,
5. walking the dog.
3. vacuuming the rug,
4. feeding the cat,
5. and walking the dog.
3. vacuuming the rug,
4. feeding the cat, and
5. walking the dog.
Even if there are commas within one or more of the numbered points, it is not necessary to place a semicolon at the end of the point (but you may if you wish).
3. vacuuming the rug, taking out the trash
4. feeding the cat
5. walking the dog
3. vacuuming the rug, taking out the trash;
4. feeding the cat;
5. and walking the dog.
My sense tells me that the following should have a semicolon or period, but colloquial usage gives me the impression that perhaps a comma is now correct. Anyway, is this correct:
“That’s funny, he’s carried those exact same analogies through his other debates.”
So, I’m wondering about the period after “funny”.
Since “that’s funny” is a complete sentence, it could end with a period. You could also use a semicolon in place of the period since there is no conjunction. But some writers would retain the comma since the two clauses are so closely related. “That’s funny” acts almost as a dependent clause or phrasal adverb in this sentence.
Lincoln had four sons, Tad, Willie, Edward, and Robert.
Lincoln had four sons: Tad, Willie, Edward, and Robert.
Which is correct?
We recommend using a colon to introduce a series or list. But both sentences are correct.
The following is the most complex sentence in my first book. Naturally, I want it to look good, however, I am uncertain how to punctuate it, especially before the last clause “I honor all the mothers.”–with a semi colon or a coma??? Thank you for your help. And, Happy Mother’s Day!
“Grandmother Gaia, the first mother of us all; Rhea, our own mother; Leto, the Hyperborean mother of Artemis and Apollo; Maia, the Pleiadian, mother of Hermes; Semele, who perished at the sight of my true form but gave us Dionysos; and Metis, mother of Athena; I honor all the mothers.”
The punctuation is correct as written. You could also write the sentence as follows:
I honor all the mothers: Grandmother Gaia, the first mother of us all; Rhea, our own mother; Leto, the Hyperborean mother of Artemis and Apollo; Maia, the Pleiadian, mother of Hermes; Semele, who perished at the sight of my true form but gave us Dionysos; and Metis, mother of Athena.
please is this of colon, semi-colon and commas in the right order?
objectives: To
1. ensure equity and equality of opportunities in university education to all;
2. provide flexible but qualitative eductaion, and;
3. entrench a global learning culture in students.
especially no 2 please. i anticipate your prompt response please.
Since your list does not include a complete sentence, we recommend not using any punctuation within the list. You may also want to avoid the awkward placement of the word to alone introducing the list, replace the word to with the word for in the first item, and omit the unnecessary word and at the end of the second item. Also in the second item, we wonder whether you meant “qualitative” or “quality” education, and note the correction of the spelling of the word education.
Our objectives are to:
1. ensure equity and equality of opportunities in university education for all
2. provide flexible but qualitative education
3. entrench a global learning culture in students
In this instance, the bullet points complete the sentence that begins, “Our objectives are to:” I would, therefore, put a comma at the end of 1., a comma followed by the word and at the of 2., and a period at the end of 3. Yet, you used no punctuation at the end of each bullet. Why?
The rule states “If each point is a complete sentence, capitalize the first word and end the sentence with appropriate ending punctuation.” Although they complete the sentence that begins “Our objectives are to,” none of the points are complete sentences by themselves.
Have I used the colon and commas correctly? Or should the commas be semi colons?
Those projects included: Development and implementation of Flight Attendant Involvement Teams, analyzed and created guidelines for Inflight Crewmember dependability (attendance). Spearheaded the 2004 FAA Flight Attendant Certification Program, participated in the development of a training program for new Inflight Supervisors.
The colon is unnecessary. However, your sentence needs a few modifications. The projects started out as nouns (development and implementation) and then changed to verbs (analyzed, created, spearheaded, participated). We recommend using parallel structure.
If you use the colon, the first word after the colon should not be capitalized. Also, there should be a comma instead of a period after “(attendance).” The word spearheading should not be capitalized. The terms “flight attendant involvement teams,” “inflight crewmember dependability,” and “inflight supervisors” do not need capitalization.
When introducing a list (eg of bullet points) with a colon, I prefer to make the colon more visible and to draw the reader’s eyes forward by inserting a space before it, for example :
* first item in list
* subsequent item in list
* and so on.
Note the space between the word “example” and the “:”.
Is there a rigid rule against this?
Thanks,
Chris J
No authoritative source that we are aware of recommends placing a space before a colon. In our opinion, it is not grammatically correct.
Is this correct
On Friday, February 6
The date should be followed by a comma. Examples:
On Friday, February 6, we attended an international conference.
On Friday, February 6, 2015, his daughter is getting married.
What are multiple ways to punctuate and or add grammar to this sentence to address it in different ways?
Women without men would have nothing.
We assume you are referring to the following “power of punctuation” example:
A professor told his class to punctuate this sentence: “A woman without her man is nothing.”
The women in the class write: “A woman: without her, man is nothing.”
The men in the class write: “A woman, without her man, is nothing.”
I have had the same debate with several people in the last few years. Sometimes, it is a very heated debate. It is regarding the comma before the word “and” when you are listing names. Since the holiday card season is upon us, I would like to know what you suggest. I usually order my cards online and include the comma. However, I went with a local stationary shop this year and the woman filling out the form WOULD NOT put the comma before the and for me. I told her that I have consulted English teachers about the comma and they all have told me to include it. She told me her mom was an English teacher and she never uses it before the and.
When listing the names at the bottom of the card, do you put a comma before the “and” and the last person’s name?
For example: Greg, Bridget, Sarah, and Molly
And if the card reads: “Wishing you peace, love and happiness this holiday season!” Is it crazy for me to insist that there is a comma before the and in this sentence?
Thank you.
No, it is not crazy. We recommend including it. This debate is about whether or not to include what is known as the Oxford, or series, comma. See our Rule 1 of Commas.
I stumbled across this today, and I believe it is wrong? How could I punctuate this correctly. What is the rule with colons and quotation marks?
In the following quote, what literary device is used: “This year the sea be angry with all the death upon it.”
A. Hyperbole
B. Personification
C. Simile
D. Idiom
A colon may be used before quotation marks, however, the sentence is missing a question mark.
In the following quote, what literary device is used: “This year the sea be angry with all the death upon it”?
A. Hyperbole
B. Personification (this is the correct answer, by the way)
C. Simile
D. Idiom
Is the following sentence incorrect?
John loves to eat pizza; he eats it every day, but I don’t approve.
The sentence is punctuated correctly. It could also be rewritten as two sentences.
Is the following sentence correctly punctuated?
I am often late for school; I really should set my alarm clock, but I often fall asleep doing my homework.
The sentence is punctuated correctly. You could also rewrite it to form two sentences.
Is this sentence punctuated correctly?
With three outfits to choose from, shorts, pants, or skirts, and a unique blend of styles; it only makes sense to purchase within your range. Mix and match as you desire!
Our Rule 10 of Commas says, “When starting a sentence with a dependent clause, use a comma after it.” Therefore, use a comma rather than a semicolon after the word styles.
If you are able to put your hands on an old typing book, you will find that it instructs the student to space twice after the period. Additionally, there should be two spaces after the colon.
If you are using an old typewriter, you may use two spaces after periods and colons as it improves readability.
About periods and spacing at the end of a sentence. It is two spaces per APA rules. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/24/
This website and The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation primarily follow the rules of the Chicago Manual of Style and the Associated Press Stylebook. Your comment might be of interest to those who are required to follow the rules of the American Psychological Association.
Are there cases in which colons are not stylistically correct because what is listed after the colon does not relate back to the independent clause before the colon with a good flow? This sentence which I found in a book on teaching k-12 grammar doesn’t sound right to me.
“The deputy told me to empty my pockets: two quarters, a penny, a stick of bubble gum, and a roll of grip tape for my skateboard
Another example that doesn’t sound right: “But the car is quiet for now, as are the noontime streets: gas stations, boundless concrete, brick buildings, with plywood windows.” Here it sounds like the author is comparing streets with gas stations and brick buildings, but to me those aren’t the same.
Although perhaps the sentences could have been worded a little more clearly, a colon means “that is to say” or “here’s what I mean.” Therefore, the sentences are grammatically correct.
I wanted to run these two paragraphs pass you and get your view as to which is the correct use of punctuations. very much appreciated and I look forward to hearing from you.
EXAMPLE 1
We will advise you on the following:
a) marketing documentation including teaser, IM, process letter, etc.;
b) valuation using the following methodologies:
– DCF,
– multiples, and
– LBO;
c) list of buyers; and
d) transaction documents.
We will advise you on the following:
a) marketing documentation including teaser, IM, process letter, etc.;
b) valuation using the following methodologies:
– DCF;
– multiples;
– LBOplan;
c) list of buyers; and
d) transaction documents.
Our Rule 3 of Colons states, “When listing items one by one, one per line, following a colon, capitalization and ending punctuation are optional when using single words or phrases preceded by letters, numbers, or bullet points. If each point is a complete sentence, capitalize the first word and end the sentence with appropriate ending punctuation. Otherwise, there are no hard and fast rules, except be consistent.” There are also several examples given. Therefore, we recommend the following:
We will advise you on the following:
a) marketing documentation including teaser, IM, process letter, etc.
b) valuation using the following methodologies:
– DCF
– multiples
– LBO
c) list of buyers
d) transaction documents
I think this site is fantastic. I just wanted to clarify if this is the correct usage of a colon.
Rule : A colon is used to introduce a second sentence that clarifies the first sentence.
Tom and Jim did not complete their homework : they will have ti stay back during recess to complete their work .
Your first sentence is fine, except you have an unnecessary space before the colon. Your second sentence is all right, but we would have used a semicolon instead of a colon. A semicolon can replace a period if the writer wishes to narrow the gap between two closely linked sentences. There should not be a space before the semicolon or period. Also, the word to is misspelled.
I did realise I mispelt “to” after I sent the message.
Another, question : Is it a general rule – there is never a space before and after a colon or semicolon ?
btw I ordered the book, and it has helped tremendously with my grammar and punctuation.
Thankyou again
Yes, it is a general rule that there should not be a space before a semicolon or colon. There should, however, be a space after. The same is true of periods, question marks, commas, and exclamation points. We are glad to hear that you find The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation helpful.
WHat happens when you finish a sentence with a URL. i.e., gmail.com
Do you put a full stop or do you leave it unpunctuated?
Yes, an ending punctuation mark, most likely a period, is needed.
English is not my first language, and I feel like I’m a bit in over my head with the construction of the following sentence.
The enemy ignores any non-Attack/Block effects from: red cards, and Unit abilities powered by red mana.
When reading through the different sections on this site, it seems that I am doing many things wrong. What I want to convey is the following.
1) The enemy ignores any non-Attack and non-Block effects from all red cards (not only the ones powered by red mana).
2) The enemy ignores any non-Attack and non-Block effects effects from Unit abilities if these are powered by red mana.
My current alternative is as follows.
The enemy ignores any non-Attack and non-Block effects from red cards, and from Unit abilities powered by red mana.
I would be grateful of any input.
PS: I apologize for all the horrible mistakes I made during the post of this question.
We venture that the following may be correct, although we really don’t know what you are talking about:
The enemy ignores any non-attack and non-block effects from red cards and unit abilities powered by red mana.
is a clause:a subject and one verb or two verbs ?
A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a predicate. It is possible for a clause to have two verbs.
Example: because she screamed and cried
There is a dedication page that starts with “This book belongs to” and then has a line to fill in a name…and then the next line has “If found, please call or text (with another line)…and then the last line says “or email” – is “or” capitalized? (Just the “o” of course)
Also, is it correct to write: To my students, near and far OR To my students near and far”?
Thank you so much!!
The word or does not need to be capitalized.
Write “To my students near and far.”
I have a doubt regarding commas and colons. If I’m writing instructions such as “Tell children to open their books. Say: Open your books”, do I write a comma or a colon after “say”? I usually write a colon, but I’ve seen that many people write a comma.
Thanks a lot for your reply!
We recommend writing the following:
Tell children to open their books. Say, “Open your books.”
I would appreciate your advice on the use of semicolons and commas in the following:
Global Treasury Operations spans the globe and is organized into three distinct regions, the Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA); and Japan, Asia Pacific, and Australia (JAPA.)
Thank you!
Your semicolons and commas are all right, but we prefer a comma preceding and in a series, which you used only once out of two opportunities. Be consistent (unless you are implying that Middle East and Africa are one unit). We would prefer a colon after “regions.” Also, the period should be outside the closing parenthesis.
Global Treasury Operations spans the globe and is organized into three distinct regions: the Americas; Europe, Middle East, and Africa (EMEA); and Japan, Asia Pacific, and Australia (JAPA).
what is the right punctuation to be used when the example of a sentence goes this way…
you’ll need us, not only when the moons starts shrinking; not only when…
or
you’ll need us, not only when the moons starts shrinking, not only when…
(,) or (;)
Your partial sentence sounds like an excerpt from a poem. The punctuation rules that apply to prose do not necessarily apply to poetry. Poets are allowed to use punctuation creatively in their own style. We do note a spelling error with an extra s at the end of the word moon. In prose we would probably write “You’ll need us; not only when the moon starts shrinking, not only when … “
What punctuation should be used after the word opposite?
Thank you.
We will consider your request if there is support in acceptable off-label compendia or two articles from peer-reviewed medical journals that show treatment in this condition is safe and effective. These articles are only considered if there is no clear and convincing evidence in any other major peer-reviewed medical journal that shows the opposite: that IVIG is not safe and effective for this diagnosis.
Either a colon or comma is acceptable.
Do you have a view on how many colons is too many? I’ve seen the ‘no more than 2 or 3 exclamation marks per
100,000 words.’I’m concerned over-use of colons is also distracting.
Can you suggest a ratio?
Thanks
The style manuals do not address the concern of excessive colons. We recommend using common sense. Always proofread your writing. If you see anything distracting, the sentence should be rewritten.
This is the notorious Oxford, Harvard or serial comma, preference for use or omission of which has been the subject of many a debate. The fact is that neither use nor omission guarantees no ambiguity, though Americans are most likely to be ignorant of this fact and periodically insist that its use prevents ambiguity, apparently misled by one or more style guides that make the same assertion.
In “A, B[,] and C” ambiguity arises when:
(1) the comma is used, and ‘B’ may be seen in apposition to ‘A’, and
(2) the comma is omitted, and ‘B and C’ may be seen in apposition to ‘A’.
Remove ambiguity as follows:
(a) when only (1) applies, omit the comma;
(b) when only (2) applies, insert the comma; and
(c) when (1) and (2) both apply, re-order the list and or rephrase.
We have devoted two posts to this topic. Please see the following:
Commas Before and in a Series
The Oxford Comma
I have seen where someone had used semicolons when writing a list instead of using commas. Why would they do that? Is it the correct thing to do?
For example: The choice of MOSFETs depends on the current each MOSFET is required to conduct; the switching
frequency; the capability of the MOSFETs to dissipate heat; and the availability and nature of heatsinking and
air flow.
We would recommend that commas be used rather than semicolons to separate the items in this list because the items themselves do not contain commas. That being said, we’ll just mention that sometimes, depending on the communicator, the format, and the audience, semicolons might be used to separate items in longer sentences or passages of text. They provide greater pause between items, as well as a moment of extra focus on them.
After a busy week, Dr. Dre decided to play soccer in the park: we went to the movies instead. how do I punctuate this right
After a busy week, Dr. Dre decided to play soccer in the park. We went to the movies instead. OR
After a busy week, Dr. Dre decided to play soccer in the park; we went to the movies instead.
When you have a sentence with a command, does it always need a conjunction or semicolon after it? Do the commas in the following sentences create comma splices or can they work this way since it’s additional information?
Don’t worry, he’s on his way.
Come on, let’s see what you have to wear.
Since your examples are commands that each begin with the understood subject you, they each contain two complete sentences that are not joined by connectors such as and, or, but, etc. Therefore, we recommend either separating them into two complete sentences or using a semicolon.
Can someone explain to me why these two independent clauses are separated with only a comma, as I guess there should be a FANBOYS after the first sentence
”They have passports taken off them, the conditions are squalid”
Thanks
This is a run-on sentence as written. The two independent clauses could be joined by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so) such as and. “They have passports taken off them, and the conditions are squalid.” Using a semicolon or separating into two sentences are other solutions. Please see our rules for Commas and Semicolons for more information.
If I’m using “such as,” when writing, should I use a colon, comma, or semicolon?
Example: “I’m just scared of something going wrong, such as…”
The comma before such as is correct in your example.
What should I use in the following sentence.
George Stevens[,] a fire fighter in the area responded by saying that it was an accident.
Should [,] be a comma, a semicolon or a colon?
George Stevens, a fire fighter in the area, responded by saying that it was an accident.
Have you got any rule to put the helping verb have with the subject he?
Please see our reply in the post When to Add s to a Verb.
Is it a must to capitalize the letter after using the semicolon?
No, our Rule 5 of Semicolons says, “Do not capitalize ordinary words after a semicolon.”
What punctuation is used incorrectly in this sentence and why?
The power and effect of fate in Henchard’s life as well as his character traits
of jealousy, impetuousness, pride, and harshness are the chief causes for the tragic ending of
his life.
Our Comma Rule 7a states, “Use commas to set off expressions that interrupt the sentence flow (nevertheless, after all, by the way, on the other hand, however, etc.).” The phrase starting with “as well as” interrupts the sentence flow. Therefore, there should be commas as follows:
The power and effect of fate in Henchard’s life, as well as his character traits of jealousy, impetuousness, pride, and harshness, are the chief causes for the tragic ending of his life.
Please, I have a problem deciding where the comma should be in the sentence below:
Six months had passed since the opening of his art gallery and still patronage was very low.
Should the comma be before and, or after still?
Our Rule 3b of Commas says, “In sentences where two independent clauses are joined by connectors such as and, or, but, etc., put a comma at the end of the first clause.” Therefore, the comma is placed after the word gallery (before and).
In the following list, do the names w/o titles need semicolons or just commas?
Mary Smith, President; John Jones, Vice President; Nancy White, Secretary; Henry Jones, Doug White, Donna Black, Harry Whoever
We recommend that you continue the pattern of separating the individuals with semicolons even though the final four do not have their titles listed. However, if the final four share titles:
Mary Smith, President; John Jones, Vice President; Nancy White, Secretary; Henry Jones, Doug White, Donna Black, and Harry Whoever, members of the board of directors.
In any case, we advise that a new election be held because too many of these people are related to each other, which inevitably will lead to a conflict of interest!
Where exactly does my semicolon go? Is this an instance where parentheses would be better? If so, in the business world, aren’t parentheses tacky and taboo now? “Twenty years, and 20 years of learning, later; Barton Systems continues to serve the residential lending communities in ME, NH, MA and parts of VT.”
As far as we know, parentheses still have their place in formal writing when correctly applied. We recommend a comma or parentheses in your sentence, because there is no correct place for a semicolon. In addition, you should be consistent when spelling out vs. using numerals when writing numbers, and names of states should be spelled out in formal writing. Some possibilities:
Twenty years of experience and twenty years of learning later, Barton Systems continues to serve the residential lending communities in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and parts of Vermont.
Twenty years of experience (and twenty years of learning later), Barton Systems continues to serve the residential lending communities in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and parts of Vermont.
Twenty years (and twenty years of learning later), Barton Systems continues to serve the residential lending communities in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and parts of Vermont.
Twenty years of learning later, Barton Systems continues to serve the residential lending communities in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and parts of Vermont.
Please see our rules for Parentheses, Semicolons, Commas, and Writing Numbers for more information.
When is a colon to be used?
Please see our Rules for Colons.
I am trying to write job qualifications in a cover letter, paragraph style, but I am caught up on where I should put semi colons vs. commas.
“With five years of direct experience in student services and leadership development programs, student life, activities, and event management, including event development and implementation, vendor contract negotiations and risk management, financial management and budget projections, supervising individuals and teams alike, strategic planning and implementation, and an exceptional commitment to student service, I am excited for the opportunity to bring my creativity and structured approach to the Assistant Director role.”
Because we are not familiar with the specifics, we are providing two possible ways to convey your qualifications, but you may need to make some alterations.
“With five years of direct experience in student-services and leadership-development programs; student life, activities, and event management, including event development and implementation, vendor
contract negotiations and risk management, financial management, and budget projections; supervising both individuals and teams; strategic planning and implementation; and an exceptional commitment to student service, I am excited for the opportunity to bring my creativity and structured approach to the assistant director role.”
OR
With five years of direct experience in student-services and leadership-development programs, I am excited for the opportunity to bring my creativity and structured approach to the assistant director role.
My experience includes:
* student life, activities, and event management
* vendor contract negotiations and risk management
* financial management and budget projections
* supervision of individuals and teams
* strategic planning and implementation
I want to know if the semicolon and commas are correctly placed in the sentence below:
We run towards the open barrier; our feet pounding on the forest floor, desperation fueling the pace.
As indicated by our Rule 1a of Semicolons, you may use a semicolon to narrow the gap between two closely linked sentences (or independent clauses).” Since the second part of your sentence, “our feet pounding on the forest floor, desperation fueling the pace,” is not an independent clause, we recommend using a comma instead.
Example : In the study of Zambian societies he analyzed through statics the variation in the cultural interpretation of same symbols by the same culture group, but his reports mostly from the subjects perspective.
Is the above example sentence correct? Here I used the same subject twice.
There are various refinements that could be made to your sentence. We will make an assumption or two about what you mean to say and use your basic structure:
In the study of Zambian societies, he analyzed through statistics the variation in the cultural interpretation of the same symbols by each cultural group, but he reports mostly from the subjects’ perspectives.
Could you please tell me if I am using the commas and semicolons correctly in the following sentence, please?
“Transformed Legacy’s Volunteer Program into a professional, innovative, well-structured component of the organization’s strategic plan. The volunteer program was redesigned to fulfill River Legacy’s needs and enrich its programming; to provide support for its staff; to ensure meaningful roles for its volunteers; and to enhance the organization’s impact in the community.”
Thank you.
Commas are correctly used in your first statement. We recommend commas instead of semicolons in the sentence that follows as there are no commas contained in the individual items in the series. You can also consider removing repetition of the word “to.”
I’m wondering if someone is able to tell me if I need a semicolon or a comma in the sentence please?
“Let’s be honest; you didn’t write that story.”
Or
“Let’s be honest, you didn’t write that story.”
Thank you!
Since you have two independent clauses connected without a conjunction, you may use either a semicolon or a period.
Let’s be honest; you didn’t write that story.
Let’s be honest. You didn’t write that story.
Should I use a colon or a comma in the following sentence? One attendee described his test drive in these words “It felt like floating on water, that same buoyancy, but in the air.
We recommend a colon in this case because of the presence of “in these words,” which has us looking to what follows.
It may be helpful to provide an example for your rule:
If, however, you have additional sentences following the sentence with the colon and they explain the sentence prior to the colon, capitalize the first word of all the sentences following the colon.
Thank you for the suggestion. We were hesitant to get into too much detail regarding the subtleties of capitalization. Please see Rules 4, 5, 6, and 7 of Colons for more detailed explanations.
Spacing with punctuation
In 1954 much of my National Service was spent as a Clerk in the GHQ of the Middle East Land Forces. I recall that our instruction book (Staff Duties in the Field, Appendix C) was clear that there should be 3 spaces after a full stop (although I have yet to meet a trained secretary outside the Army who used more than 2. Since the purpose of punctuation is to make the meaning of what is written as clear as possible, I still use 3 spaces, since the extra space separates sentences from each other more than the single spaces after commas etc. within the sentence; making the document easier to take in immediately.
Thank you for that interesting insight into guidelines for punctuation and spacing not that long ago. We have not heard of three spaces before. Perhaps such guidance was limited to the British armed forces.
Should there be a semicolon after therapist in this sentence? Pam Reid, a registered nurse; Susan Richard, a dietician; and Paula Brande, a physical therapist attended the meeting.
Our Rule 3 of Semicolons is: “Use a semicolon to separate units of a series when one or more of the units contain commas.” Thus, you only need semicolons to separate the units of the series from each other and not from the rest of the sentence. Another way to look at it is to consider the simplest form of the sentence, which could be Pam Reid, a registered nurse, attended the meeting. Here you can see that the job description is an appositive, i.e., a grammatically nonessential addition to the sentence, which is set off by commas. Therefore, write:
Pam Reid, a registered nurse; Susan Richard, a dietician; and Paula Brande, a physical therapist, attended the meeting.
My jeans; ripped, my leg; completely peeled, the ground; covered in blood.
This sentence appeared in a short story and although I understand how it is supposed to be read, I can’t imagine that is how to write it. Please tell me how you would use punctuation in that example.
Sometimes authors of fiction use creative writing techniques and unconventional punctuation. Other approaches could include
My jeans: ripped; my leg: completely peeled; the ground: covered in blood.
My jeans, ripped; my leg, completely peeled; the ground, covered in blood.
In the sentence (below) would I use a comma before the names of the children, and does it depend on how many names there are? I was wondering about a colon instead of the comma.
Dr. Charles and his wife, Judy, have three children, James, Carol, and Joseph.
Our post Commas with Appositives says, “The definition of an appositive is a word or word group that defines or further identifies the noun or noun phrase preceding it.
Rule: When an appositive is essential to the meaning of the noun it belongs to, don’t use commas. When the noun preceding the appositive provides sufficient identification on its own, use commas around the appositive.”
In your example sentence, “three children” provides sufficient identification on its own; therefore, the comma before the names is correct. A colon is also acceptable punctuation to introduce the names as a list or series.
Dr. Charles and his wife, Judy, have three children: James, Carol, and Joseph.
Dr. Charles and his wife, Judy, have two children: James and Carol.
What about when you have a sentence that separates and the 2nd sentence starts with However… should it be a comma or a semi colon?
You appear to be referring to one sentence, not two, where the single sentence contains two independent clauses joined by however, not However. Our Rule 2 of Semicolons says, “Use a semicolon before such words and terms as namely, however, therefore, that is, i.e., for example, e.g., for instance, etc., when they introduce a complete sentence. It is also preferable to use a comma after these words and terms.” Therefore, use a semicolon before however and a comma after.
Example: Bring any two items; however, sleeping bags and tents are in short supply.
Is it appropriate to use a semicolon between two commands? Do commands pass as independent clauses?
For example, is the sentence below grammatically correct?
“To stay healthy: eat good food; drink clean water; exercise.”
Or should it be with commas?
“To stay healthy, eat good food, drink clean water, exercise.”
To stay healthy is a phrase (a group of words without a subject-verb complement), not an independent clause. Therefore, we recommend punctuating with commas:
To stay healthy, eat good food, drink clean water, and exercise.
In response: To stay healthy, eat good food, drink clean water, and exercise.
I disagree. You is the subject.
So, if you are omitting “you,” then you should use a semicolon after healthy.
To stay healthy; eat good food, drink clean water, and exercise. or
To stay healthy, you must eat good food, drink clean water, and exercise.
However, grammar may have changed since I was a youth.
A semicolon is commonly used to narrow the gap between two closely linked sentences. “To stay healthy” is a phrase, not a sentence, no matter whether the understood subject you is present in what follows.
I have a question related to this one. Should this sentence have commas between a couple of the adjectives?
Rule: Use a comma between two [comma?] long [comma?] independent clauses when conjunctions such as and, or, but, for, nor connect them.
Please see our website for Rule 2 of Commas. Because we would not say long two independent clauses, no comma.
I wonder if it is correct If I use a colon in a slide header such as
• Program for Promoting Four Core Strategic Industries: Precision Health, or
• The 5 Industrial Transformation Plan: Biomedical
For your information, Precision Health is one of the four core strategic industries, and Biomedical is one of the five industries which will go through transformation.
Will a dash be better choice in situation like this? Thank you.
This is a matter of style choice. Either one is acceptable.
It would seem some are still not understanding. The rule still applies; the computers these days are just such that technology knows to make one spacebar push a two-space size after a period, just as it knows to sometimes capitalize a new sentence for you after a period. The space size can be the same whether you push once or twice, depending on the software. It’s just whether you are manually doing it or the computer is doing it for you. As it is computer and software dependent, you should proofread and always know how your programs are formatting for you.
I don’t write using two spaces. I don’t see the point in typing that way anymore.
Using one space after a period, colon, question mark, or exclamation point at the end of a sentence is correct. See our post Rules Do Change.
My first typing class was my high school sophomore year in 1983 on a typewriter. I too was taught two spaces after a period or colon, but I don’t remember being taught the reason why. I find it interesting about the skinny letters vs. fat letters on a typewriter. I do remember that! I started using a computer as soon as I could so probably in college I changed from two spaces to one. I don’t remember it being a difficult transition, maybe because my muscle memory wasn’t set in stone yet. I’m glad to see it is common practice now to use only one space though I would not deduct points from a student if they used two spaces after a colon or period; maybe some teachers/professors would.
He continues to shout melodramatically; like an orator: “A great crime was committed here today. I believe it’s ongoing.”
We see no reason to use a semicolon in the sentence. Our recommendation is to use a comma instead. See our rules for Semicolons.